Effect of Different Vegetation Restoration on Recovery of Compaction-Induced Soil Degradation in Hyrcanian Mixed Forests: Influence on Soil C and N Pools and Enzyme Activities

Reforestation with native and non-native tree species is one of the most effective strategies to cope climate change, also management method for solving soil erosion problems in degraded forests around world. The current research investigates three skid trails, which were planted clearcutting areas, comparison a natural forest hornbeam (CB; Carpinus betulus L.) velvet maple (AV; Acer velutinum Boiss.) land without trees (DL), as well evaluates recovery characteristics trails response planting species, including black alder (Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn.), eastern cottonwood (Populus deltoides Italian cypress (Cupressus sempervirens L. var. horizontalis (Mill.) Gord.) mid-term period 25 years, Hyrcanian northern Iran. Significantly higher litter nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K) detected plantation (AG), whereas lowest values measured under DL treatment. Soil physio-chemical properties significantly differed among treatments, except silt content. Among chemical properties, N storage available nutrients P K fully restored compared value observed at (CB-AV) stand over 25-year after disturbance planting. Over logging operations, biological microbial carbon nitrogen, enzyme activity partially recovered, but these have not returned pre-harvest level CB-AV treatment control. Overall, results suggested that had greater positive effects on than other due faster decomposition N-fixing its labile substrate low organic C high concentration. Therefore, reforestation should be increase future ecosystem restoration area influenced by operations.